Biogenetics - The Dangers of Biogenetically Engineered Organisms :: Biology Environment Ecology Essays

Biogenetics - The Dangers of Biogenetically Engineered Organisms As I sit here at my desk in front of my computer contemplating what to write about, I look out of the window and watch the bees at work around the large bush that has flowered in front of my house.They busily go from one tiny flower to the next looking for nectar and exchanging pollen. Occasionally one will fly away presumably to inform other bees at the hive about the location and abundance of this bush.More bees arrive to help in the gathering of nectar while others leave to deliver their bounty. Each bee is an integral part of a hive, a biological system.Each bee is also an important part of a larger system, an ecosystem and in turn each ecosystem is part of a grand system, the environment that we live in, also known as the planet Earth.Odd that such tiny little creatures, who seem oblivious to all but the flowers they are buzzing, could be part of such a large system.Even more amazing is the effect they have on this system.If not for the bees more than 30% of the plan ts and vegetables we take for granted would never be able to reproduce.In turn many of the animals we depend on for food, clothing, companionship and love would never survive.If the animal that we rely on died then most assuredly we, or most of us, would die in a matter of months.Now that little creature looks much larger and more important to me than it did just 5 minutes ago. Odd how such a small factor can have such a large effect on an equation isn’t it? Throughout the world this very important and delicate balance goes on, as do millions of others every day each affecting the other and yet at the end of the day they manage to balance each other out.As educated and well-informed people many times we may look at a system and think that we understand its intricacies but do we?And even if we do, do we have the right to change the way it works just to suit our needs?This is the question I will address in this paper and hopefully get you, the reader, to think about what we as a collective are doing and are about to do with the knowledge that we posses.

Software and Hardware System Requirements for a Project

Chapter 5Requirement AnalysisThe chapter describe security model demand and which is categorised on the footing of user interaction and specification of package and hardware demand. Besides its overview regulations assign to the assorted user. 5.1 Software RequirementNameDetailssOperating SystemWindows XP and UpperDatabase ServerMySql, XMLFront EndNetbeans 7.2, JSP, Java SDK 6.0Application ServerTomcat 6.0BrowserIE 5.0 and Upper or Mozilla, Google ChromeTable No 4.1 Software Requirement 5.2Hardware RequirementNameDetailssProcessorPentium IV and supra.Random-access memory256MB and aboveHard Drive40 GBNetworkLocal area networkTable No 4.2 Software Requirement 5.3High Level Process Diagrams A high degree description of the demands of the undertaking is to manage specific defined maps utilizing a common platform, whilst other maps for content, enrollment, individuality direction, and increasing security to single applications will be outside the range of the undertaking and this range is detailed in the diagram below: Figure 5.1: Scope of the Undertaking This stage of the undertaking will cover individual factor hallmark and will merely capture username and watchword to authenticate a website user. The demands are split into four subdivisions:Generic demandsSelf disposal functionalityDelegated disposal functionalityHelp Desk disposal.The generic demands will embrace certain facets that are generic across the ego disposal and delegated disposal functionality. The undertaking will present the following generic demands for self disposal and delegated disposal: Figure 5.2: Generic demands for self disposal and delegated disposal The undertaking will present the following self disposal functionality: Figure 5.3: Self disposal functionality The undertaking will besides present the followers delegated disposal functionality: Figure 5.4: Delegated disposal functionality There will besides be the undermentioned Help Desk disposal functionality that will be delivered by the undertaking: Figure 5.5: Aid Desk disposal functionality5.4 User groupsUser groupDescriptionExternal web site userAn external web site visitant to any web site or applicationAdministratorAn internal decision maker who will hold the capableness to supply entree direction to application specific external web site usersHelp Desk AdministratorAn internal decision maker who will hold the capableness to back up the security model and users of the modelTable No 5.3: User Groups5.5 Requirements5.5.1 Generic demandsGEN-0011-Rule-2For Self disposal and decision maker for delegated disposal enrollment signifiers, the information Fieldss must be blank on first burden of the signifier.GEN-0011-Rule-3The system will non auto-generate usernames for decision makers for delegated disposal. The usernames will be entered manually.GEN-0011-Rule-4When the web site user receives the invitation electronic mail and clicks the URL to lade the enrollment signifier, the username on the signifier will be pre-populated and n ot-editable.GEN-0011-Rule-5Auto-complete must be set to murder.GEN-0011-Rule-6Password and replies to security inquiries must be obscured.GEN-0011-Rule-7The username can non be an email reference.GEN-0011-Rule-8The website user must put up 4 security inquiries, of which 2 will be indiscriminately shown during future hallmark procedures.GEN-0011-Rule-9Security replies must non:Be cleanRepeat replies across the inquiriesBe individual figure or character repliesGEN-0011-Rule-10The replies to the security inquiries will be a minimal 3 alphameric characters, with a maximal 20 alphameric characters and must non incorporate the undermentioned particular characters:â€Å" ! ? $ % ? / or @GEN-0011-Rule-11Website users will merely be registered for applications/websites within a pre-defined group, i.e. for either BHW applications or international applicationsGEN-0011-Rule-12The format of the username will be a minimal 6 alphameric characters, with a upper limit of 20 alphameric characters an d must non incorporate the undermentioned particular characters:â€Å" ! ? $ % ? / or @The username will be instance sensitive.GEN-0011-Rule-13The format of the watchword will be a minimal 8 alphameric characters, with a upper limit of 20 alphameric characters and must be instance sensitive.GEN-0011-Note-1:The application specific demands for informations gaining control are non documented in this DBRS and will be documented at the application specific degree.GEN-0011-Note-2:The signifier will non capture opt-in /opt-out for selling intents. This will be done at application degree and non at the security degree.GEN-0011-Note-3:Website users will be able to register for specific merchandises at an application degree.GEN-0011-Note-4:The website user will merely be able to take a security inquiry one time from the list, i.e. the inquiry selected in ‘Security inquiry 1’ will non look in the dropdown for ‘Security inquiry 2’ and so on.GEN-0011-Note-5:Any indivi duality inside informations, i.e. name and reference, will be captured at an application degree.GEN-0012Send electronic mail verification on successful enrollment to the web site userGEN-0012-Note-1:A concern determination has been made to go on with the preferable option that does non necessitate email confirmation and therefore to merely hold one measure enrollment. The website users will have an electronic mail corroborating that they have registered successfully.GEN-0012-Note-2: Without capturing more informations on the enrollment signifier, any electronic mails that are sent will non be customised to the website user and the salute will be ‘Dear User.’GEN-0013Post log-in, all designated assets ( pages ) will be protected by the Security Platform.GEN-0020The watchword strength must be either medium or strong and must be displayed on the undermentioned signifiers:RegistrationChange watchwordSecurity inside informationsGEN-0020-Rule-1Mandatory ( 1 point each and a en tire 2 points in the marking mechanism )Minimum of8 characters in lengthMaximum of 20 characters in lengthA combination of letters and at least 1 figureOptional ( 1 point each )At least one particular character from this list @ , # , $ , ^ , & A ; , _ , ~ , –A mixture of upper and lower instance lettersPoints scoredDisplay& lt ; = 2Weak ( Red saloon )3Medium ( Amber saloon )4Strong ( Green saloon )GEN-0020-Rule-2The watchword strength saloon will expose the coloring material and besides the diction to follow with the Accessibility criterionsGEN-0020-Rule-3On page burden the watchword strength index will be clean.GEN-0030The enrollment signifier must incorporate Captcha functionalityGEN-0030-Rule-1The Captcha functionality must follow with the Accessibility criterionsGEN-0030-Rule-2The Captcha functionality must be instance sensitive.GEN-0040Provide registered website users with the ability to login to an application or merchandise on any web site that has migrated to the Secu rity FrameworkGEN-0040-Note-1:While the website user will be able to login to any web site or application, they may be required to register for each merchandise at an application degree.GEN-0050Website users must be able to reset their watchword through disregarded watchword functionalityGEN-0050-Rule-1The website users must reply 2 security inquiry ( s ) right to reset their watchword.GEN-0050-Rule-2The 2 inquiries will be displayed indiscriminately for the set of 4 inquiries answered on initial enrollment.GEN-0060Website users must be able to recover their username through disregarded username functionality to reconstruct their ability to log in.GEN-0060-Rule-1An electronic mail will be generated incorporating the website user’s username.GEN-0070A website users account will be locked if the website user exceeds the maximal figure of login efforts or fails to reply their security inquiries rightGEN-0070-Rule-1There should be 2 error messages:For inputting incorrect inside in formations, e.g. username and watchwordFor history lockupGEN-0070-Note-1:The figure of login efforts and replying of security inquiries should be set to 3 efforts, so the history is locked and an enlightening mistake message is displayed.GEN-0070-Note-2:For the history unlock procedure, web site users will be advised to reach the Help Desk in order to unlock their history.GEN-0070-Note-2:There will be three history lock out periods. The first two lockouts will be impermanent and last for 20 proceedingss. The concluding lockout will be lasting and necessitate Helpdesk to unlock the history.GEN-0080The system must be able to run out a web site users password at a specified interval, e.g. monthlyPremise:The watchword termination will be set at a generic degree and if an application requires an alternate watchword termination policy, this must be applied at the application specific degreeGEN-0090The system must be able to stop a user session after a specified period of inaction on the w eb site.GEN-0090-Rule-1The in agreement length of clip for the period of inaction must be set across the platform and non at application degree.GEN-0090-Rule-2The inaction timeout will be configured to 20 proceedingss.GEN-0100Functionality must be provided to let the website user to log out of the Security Framework.GEN-0100-Note-1:The logout user journey will be an application degree specific user journey.GEN-0100-Note-2:This will be locally configurable for each concern unit.GEN-0110Provide individual sign-on capableness such that when a website user registries for one web site or application, they are able to login to another web site or application.GEN-0110-Note-1:While the website user will be able to login to any web site or application, they may be required to register for each merchandise at an application degree.GEN-0120The system should supply scrutinizing and describing functionality of both self disposal web site users and delegated disposal web site users.GEN-0120-Note- 1: This functionality will be provided to the Help Desk Administrators as a portion of the Oracle Identity and Access merchandise suite.GEN-0120-Note-2:Any web analytical coverage will be provided through the Omniture toolGEN-0130The system should supply scrutinizing and describing functionality of the decision makers using the delegated disposal toolsGEN-0130-Note-1: This functionality will be provided to the Help Desk Administrators as a portion of the Oracle Identity and Access merchandise suite.GEN-0130-Note-2:Any web analytical coverage will be provided through the Omniture toolGEN-0140The concern units should supply an attack and procedure for managing website users concerned with possible history via media, whether this be via electronic mail or via a Call CentreGEN-0150The system must dispute an terminal user when they:Attempt to entree unauthorized contentAttempt to entree via a bookmark when already logged outGEN-0160The system shall be capable of observing that a user is logging in a 2nd clip from a different topographic point, in which instance the installation should be configurable to reject the 2nd session, end the bing session, or permit coincident Sessionss.Table No.5.4: Generic demands5.5.2 Self disposal demandsRqt No.DescriptionSource/OwnerPrecedenceSA-0020Provide registered and logged in website users with self disposal capablenesss to alter their generic security inside informationsSA-0020-Rule-1A website user must be able to amend the undermentioned security inside informations:Email referencePasswordSecurity inquiries and repliesSA-0020-Rule-1A website user will non be able to amend the username.SA-0020-Note-1:Any application or merchandise specific informations will be amended at application or merchandise degree and as such will non be documented in this DBRS and will be documented at the application specific degree.SA-0021The system must direct an electronic mail to the registered web site user when an amendment has been made to their inside informationsSA-0021-Rule-1The electronic mail must province which inside informations have been amended, butnonwhat the inside informations have been changed from or to.SA-0021-Rule-2If the web site user has amended their electronic mail reference, the system must direct an electronic mail to the old and new electronic mail references advising of the amendment.SA-0021-Note-1:This electronic mail will besides incorporate instructional text for the web site users in instance they are concerned that their history has been compromised.Table No. 5.5: Self disposal demands5.5.3Delegated disposal demandsRqt No.DescriptionSource/OwnerPrecedenceDA-0010Provide decision makers with delegated disposal capablenesss to make an history for external web site usersDA-0010-Rule-1decision makers will merely be able to register Website users for applications/websites within a pre-defined group, i.e. for either BHW applications or international applications.DA-0010-Rule-1decision makers will non be able to utilize the same username across pre-defined groups as the username must be alone.DA-0011Provide decision makers with the ability to advise website users of their enrollment inside informations via an invitation electronic mailDA-0011-Rule-1The point at which the invitation electronic mail is sent to the website user will be configurable for each application, i.e. the electronic mail may be sent when the user has been created by the decision maker or at a ulterior phase following updating of application specific history inside informations.DA-0012Provide decision makers with delegated disposal capablenesss to modify an bing history electronic mail referenceDA-0012-Rule-1The system must direct an electronic mail to the registered web site user when an amendment has been made to their inside informations by the decision maker.DA-0012-Note-1:The decision maker will merely be able to modify the electronic mail reference for an history.DA-0013Provide decision makers with the ability to seek for an bing web site user by username and/or electronic mail.DA-0013-Rule-1The hunt capableness will be application degree particular and will non return users non registered for that application.DA-0014Provide decision makers with delegated disposal capablenesss to disenable and enable an bing history from the applicationDA-0014-Rule-1The decision maker will merely be able to disenable an bing history from the specific application the decision maker is logged into. The decision maker will merely be able to enable an history if it has antecedently been disabled from the application.DA-0014-Rule-2Presentment must be sent to the Help Desk decision makers when a user has been disabled for a specific application.DA-0014-Rule-3Presentment must be sent to the bing user when their application particular history has been enabled.DA-0015Provide decision makers with the ability to re-send an invitation electronic mail to a website user during the URL expiry period and post the URL expiry period.DA-0015-Rule-1This functionality will merely be available if the web site user has non logged in and completed their profile for the first clip.DA-0015-Rule-2If the invitation is re-sent during the expiry period, so the URL from the initial electronic mail will be invalid and the expiry period will be resetDA-0020Invitation electronic mails from the delegated decision maker must incorporate the undermentioned information for the website user:User nameEncrypted URL to automatically log the user into their historyDA-0020-Rule-1The URL will run out on first successful usage and the website user must alter the watchword, enter their personal inside informations, select the security inquiries and input their replies to their chosen security inquiries on loginDA-0020-Rule-2The fresh URL should be expired after a configurable clip period and the recommendation is that this is less than 2 hebdomads.DA-0020-Rule-3As a lower limit the watchword must be encrypted.DA-0030Hard transcript invitations could be sent from the delegated decision maker and must incorporate the undermentioned information for the website user:User nameImpermanent watchwordFriendly URLDA-0030-Rule-1The impermanent watchword will run out on first usage and the website user must alter the watchword, enter their personal inside informations, select the security inquiries and input their replies to their chosen security inquiries on loginDA-0030-Note-1:The ability to capture reference inside informations for poster of the difficult transcript invitations has non been captured in this DBRS and will be documented at the application specific degree.DA-0030-Note-2:The concern procedure for the despatching of the difficult transcript invitation is out of range of the Security Platform and must be put in topographic point by the concern unitsDA-0040Provide decision makers with the screens and functionality for the delegated disposal which will be deployed at an application specific degree.DA-0060Provide decision makers with the ability to re-enable a user that has antecedently been disabled from the applicationDA-0070Provide decision makers with the ability to seek for handicapped users by username or electronic mail.Table No 5.6: Delegated disposal demands5.5.4Help desk disposal demandsRqt No.DescriptionSYS-0010Provide Help Desk decision makers with the ability to:Search for an historyModify an historyDisable an historyEnable an historyDe-register an history from the security modelRe-register an history on the security modelDe-register an history from an applicationRe-register an history to an applicationUnlock an historyReset watchwordUpload users in majoritySYS-0010-Rule-1The Help Desk decision makers will be able to de-register an history at the security model degree. This will forestall the website user from logging into any application and sites.SYS-0010-Rule-2Presentment must be sent to each of the decision makers when a user has been de-registered at the security model degreeSYS-0010-Rule-3Presentment must be sent to the bing user when their history has been de-registered from the Security FrameworkSYS-0010-Rule-4Presentment must be sent to the bing user when their history has been modified in any manner on the Security Framework.SYS-0010-Note-1: This functionality will be provided to the Help Desk Administrators as a portion of the Oracle Identity and Access merchandise suite.SYS-0010-Note-1:An electronic mail will be sent to the termin al user for the alteration of each property.Table No. 5.7: Aid desk disposal demands

Evolutionary Account of Female Mating Preferences

Evolutionary Account of Female Mating Preferences Introduction Evolutionary psychology has long been a dominant approach for describing and explaining the mating preferences of females. It places emphasis on the idea that women pay more attention to a male’s status, his ability to provide resources to the family, the income of this person or his education.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Evolutionary Account of Female Mating Preferences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More importantly, evolutionary psychology implies that women’s mating strategies and preferences are not strongly affected by culture. In my opinion, this theory does not fully account for the behavior of women. In particular, it does not explain why women choose to end their relationship with a partner. Furthermore, evolutionary framework does not account for the existing of cross-sex friendships. In this literature review, I would like to discuss empirical studies that examine attraction, changing preferences of women, and their values. These studies are primarily based on the use of interviews and surveys. These are the main themes that should be explored. Overall, many researchers believe that women’s mating strategies cannot be fully attributed only to the forces of evolution. Values Overview of the theme One of the issues that should be discussed is the values of women. Special attention should be paid to the way in which these values can change with time passing. Secondly, it is important to remember that values can be dependent on cultural background of a person. The thing is that they are closely related to mating decisions of women. Evolutionary account of female mating strategies cannot account why females can leave their partners, even if their socio-economic status has not changed. Subtheme: the change of values and the end of relationship In their article, Nasrin Abedinia et al (2012) examine the factors that contribute to divorce. One of the goals is to understand the circumstances that prompt a person to end a relationship with his/her spouse (Abedinia et al, 2012, p. 65). Their study involved the use of the structured interview, and researchers and the sample included 300 participants who were both males and females (Abedinia et al, 2012, p. 65). According to the findings of these researchers, women are more likely to consider divorce when their partners cannot meet their psychological needs (Abedinia et al, 2012, p. 69). For instance, one can mention the need for self-esteem. This is they may leave their mating partner. Similar findings have been derived by Oluyemi Stephens (2012) who also examines the perceived causes of divorce. This research was based on the interview of family counselors who worked with couples or divorced individuals (Stephens, 2012, p. 115). The sample of the study included 150 counselors (Stephens, 2012, p. 115). The results of this research indicate that the change of socio-economic s tatus is not the only reason why women want to divorce.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, they refer to the difference in perception of gender roles and lack of communication between partners (Stephens, 2012, p. 115). Overall, the results of these studies suggest that income or financial stability do not always play the most important role of women. The data, provided by Oluyemi Stephens (2012) and Nasrin Abedinia et al show that there are exceptions to evolutionally account of female mating preferences. Nevertheless, one should not suppose that resources and status of the male partner is of no importance to women. One can refer to the research article written by Hendrix Lewellyn and Willie Pearson (1995) who explore such a concept as spousal interdependence. These authors carried out a meta-analysis of empirical studies that examined the cause of divorc e (Lewellyn Pearson, 1995, p. 118). They have found out that women, who were financially dependent on their husbands, were less likely to divorce. Thus, the availability of resources is of great importance to women. Gender roles and power It should be noted that the values of women can greatly depend on their perception of gender roles and power of women within the family. This perception is shaped primarily by social forces. Again, one can refer to the study by Hendrix Lewellyn and Willie Pearson (1995). The findings of these authors suggest that mating preferences of women greatly depend on their social status. For example, they can value the economic prosperity of their partner more provided that they cannot maximize their wealth independently (Lewellyn Pearson, 1995, p. 225). The study carried out by David Schmitt (2005) can also throw light on the values of women. This researcher surveyed 14,059 participants from 48 countries (Schmitt, 2005, p. 247). In particular, the schola r looked at self-reports of both male and female participants. To a great extent, this research confirms the premises of evolutionary theories, because it suggests that women, who may belong to different cultures or societies, place more value on the economic status of their partners and their ability to care about children (Schmitt, 2005, p. 279). Still, the role of cultural differences should not be disregarded. In her study, Devendra Singh (2004) examines the mating preferences of American men and women whose age ranged between 19-60 (Singh 2004, p. 52). According to this scholar, women are set higher standards for their physical appearance of their partners, if they consider themselves to be attractive (Singh 2004, p. 46). These examples indicate that evolutionary biology cannot fully explain the mating preferences of women.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Evolutionary Account of Female Mating Preferences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theme B: Attraction Overview of the theme The discussion of female mating preferences should include such a concept as attraction. Evolutionary approach implies that women attach more importance to physical condition of the partner at the beginning of their relationship, but later they attach more importance to such factors as socioeconomic status, education, or stability. In this section, I will try to examine how women regard attraction and what factors influence their views. Sub-theme: Various aspects of attraction There are several studies suggesting that mating preferences of women cannot be reduced to the paradigms of evolutionary theory. For example, the study carried out by Andrew Lehr and Glenn Geher (2006) who interviewed 32 female students (p. 423). One of the issues that these researchers have identified is that women consistently pay attention similarity in attitudes and tastes (Lehr Geher, 2006, p. 438). If there are no common inter ests or attitudes, they are not likely to start a relationship with a male. These preferences cannot be attributed only to evolutionary forces. Additionally, I would to discuss the study done by Devendra Singh whose findings have been discussed in this paper. (2004). This researcher points out that women tend to value the physical appearance of a partner, even if one is speaking about long-term relations (Singh 2004, p. 52). Finally, one can refer to the research article written by Nasrin Abedinia et al whose findings have been mentioned before (2012). These researchers point out that women value communication, emotional attachment, and ability of their partners to meet their psychological needs (Abedinia et al, 2012, p. 65). These choices and preferences contradict the principles of evolutionary psychology that emphasizes on security and availability of resources. Sub-theme: Physical health Another aspect of attraction is physical health of the mating partner. One has to admit that women can be attracted by a partner, he leads a healthy lifestyle. Nevertheless, there are some notable exceptions to this rule. In his study, Christiaan Monden (2007) examines the health habits of married couples (p. 392). The researcher used such a method as unstructured interview in order to examine the impact of health preferences on people’s mating choices (Monden, 2007, p. 392). His findings suggest that women may prefer males who have the same health problems as they do (Monden, 2007, p. 407). For instance, the scholar points out that many cohabiting partners can have similar diseases like diabetes or asthma (Monden, 2007, p. 403). These findings do not support the premises of evolutionary psychology. They suggest that mating preferences can be very complex.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Certainly, there are opposite examples. In particular, the study done by David Schmitt (2005) suggests that women are usually very concerned about the lifestyles of their male partners (p. 286). Furthermore, according to Devendra Singh (2004) for many women, physical attractiveness can be an indicator of health (p. 43). Therefore, some premises of evolutionary psychology cannot be disregarded. Yet, one should not suppose that this theory tells us everything the behavior of women. Theme C. Education Overview of the theme The education level of a mating partner is also believed an important factor for women. The general premise is women usually seek a male who have high levels of educational attainment. However, one should understand how females regard education. This discussion of these issues is important for understanding the mating preferences. Additionally, one should take into consideration that education greatly affects a person’s perception of gender roles. In this sect ion, I would like to determine whether males’ perception of gender roles affects women’s mating preferences. Equality of education level The supporters of evolutionary psychology argue that irrespective of cultural background, women choose males who are intelligent and educated. For instance, David Schmitt’s study (2005) indicates that such a pattern exists in countries that may have different cultures, political systems, or religions (p. 256). Nevertheless, this rule should be specified. Such a researcher as Christiaan Monden (2007) says that females also want their partners to have similar education (p. 392). In other words, they value equality of conditions. To a great extent, this phenomenon can be explained by the fact that women value the similarity in attitudes and beliefs (Lehr Geher, 2006, p. 438). This is why they value the equality of education. Perception of gender roles Finally, researchers note that women also pay attention to perception of gender roles. For instance, Abedinia et al (2012) point out that women usually prefer mating partners who share their views on gender roles (p. 67). Moreover, such a conflict can be observed in many countries. In his research article, Oluyemi Stephens (2012) argues that many Nigerian families can be broken because partners have a different understanding of gender roles (p. 116). Nevertheless, one should take into account that not every scholar supports this point of view. In particular, David Schmitt’s study (2005) believes that the perception of gender roles does not produce a significant effect on the mating preferences of women. Thus, some of the choices that women make can be affected by social environment, rather than evolutionary forces. Conclusion Overall, this literature review indicates that the mating preferences of women cannot be described only by the terms of evolutionary theory. In particular, one can speak about the following behaviors and values: 1) the ability of a partner to meet women’s psychological needs; 2) their willingness to live with men who have similar educational level or even similar health problems; and 3) the importance of common attitudes and beliefs for them. The studies that have been reviewed have certain strengths. Each of them is based on empirical evidence that has been accurately codified and analyzed. Secondly, these sources show the complexity of women’s behavior. Nevertheless, one should remember about the limitations of these studies. Most of them do not take into account cultural aspects of marriage. Furthermore, they do not fully explain how the change of social norms affect women’s mating preferences. There are several questions that psychologists may consider: How are mating preferences of women affected by their age? What are the cultural aspects of mating and marriage? How do the attitudes of women change their mating preferences? What are the advantages and disadvantages of evolutionary theory as an explanation for the mating preferences of women? Reference List Abedinia, N., Bolhari, J., Ramezanzadeh, F., Naghizadeh, M. (2012). Comparison of Predisposing and Effective Factors on Divorce Application between Men and Women. Journal Of Family Reproductive Health, 6(2), 65-72. Hendrix, L., Pearson Jr., W. (1995). Spousal Interdependence, Female Power and Divorce: A Cross-Cultural Examination. Journal Of Comparative Family Studies, 26(2), 217-232. Lehr, A. Geher, G. (2006). Differential Effects of Reciprocity and Attitude Similarity Across Long- Versus Short-Term Mating Contexts. Journal Of Social Psychology, 146(4), 423-439. Monden, C. (2007). Partners in health? Exploring resemblance in health between partners in married and cohabiting couples. Sociology Of Health Illness, 29(3), 391-411. Schmitt, D. (2005). Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29 (120), 247-3 11. Singh, D. (2004). Mating Strategies of Young Women: Role of Physical Attractiveness. Journal Of Sex Research, 41(1), 43-54. Stephens, O. (2012). Student Counsellors Perceived Causes of Divorce among Couples in Lagos Metropolis. IFE Psychologia, 20(2), 113-118.

James Monroe essays

James Monroe essays James Monroe was born in Westmoreland county Virginia, on April 28th, 1758. His father was Spence Monroe. He came from a Scottish family, but settled in Virginia in the mid sixteen hundreds. James was the eldest of four boys and one girl. In 1786, Monroe married a seventeen-year-old girl named Elizabeth Kortright on June 30, 1768. Together they had two daughters named Eliza and Maria, and a son but he died at the age of two. James Monroe had a good education. He studied at home with a tutor until he was twelve. Then his father sent him to the school of Parson Archibald Campbell. He had to leave home early in the morning just to reach school on time. Often he would carry a rifle so he could shoot game on his way through the woods. At the age of sixteen, James entered the college of William and Mary. But soon after enrolling, he would leave college, and join the revolutionary war. Monroe began his political career in 1782, when he won a seat in the Virginia assembly. In 1783, he was elected to the Congress Of The Confederation, where he served three years. In 1786, Monroe started practicing law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. But soon after, he ran for the Virginia assembly again and remained in the assembly for four years. In 1790, Monroe was elected to the United States Senate. He was a democratic republican. In 1794, president George Washington appointed James Monroe, Minister to France. During his talks in France, Monroe criticized Jays treaty between United States and Britain, as The most shameful transaction I have ever known. In 1799, Monroe was elected governor of Virginia. He played an important part in preserving democratic processes. In 1817, James Monroe was elected president of the United States of America. Daniel D. Tompkins was his Vice president. Monroes presidency was known as The era of good feeling. During this period, ...

Lone Pair - Chemistry Definition

Lone Pair - Chemistry Definition A lone pair is an electron pair in the outermost shell of an atom that is not shared or bonded to another atom. It is also called a non-bonding pair. One way to identify a lone pair is to draw a Lewis structure. The number of lone pair electrons added to the number of bonding electrons equals the number of valence electrons of an atom. The lone pair concept is important to valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, as it helps to explain the geometry of molecules. Sources Albright, T. A.; Burdett, J. K.; Whangbo, M.-H. (1985). Orbital Interactions in Chemistry. New York: Wiley. p. 102. ISBN 0471873934.Ansyln, E. V.; Dougherty, D. A. (2006). Modern Physical Organic Chemistry. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-891389-31-3.Kumar, Anmol; Gadre, Shridhar R.; Mohan, Neetha; Suresh, Cherumuttathu H. (2014-01-06). Lone Pairs: An Electrostatic Viewpoint. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 118 (2): 526–532. doi:10.1021/jp4117003

Socrates and Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Socrates and Freud - Essay Example ous view whereby he argues that it is like a mankind’s resistance against helplessness feelings, a defense that retains human being immature and rely on an elusive God. The conflict between the nature and characteristic of human beings and civilization restrictions can be found in the early psychological writings of Freud. Freud’s early writing about stages of psychosexual development comprised of destructive of aggressive forces, which are libido-bound in the sadism form (anal, oral, and urethral). Freud, however, measured aggression as portion of self-preservative characters when it resulted from response to frustrating thing or after the occurrence of a conflict between hunger (ego instincts) and love (object instincts). In Civilization and Its Contents, he describes (I) the conflicts that occur between individuals’ social rules and sexual argues that helps them to endure, and (ii) Thanatos, which is a key self-destructive instinct of death, which has overwhelming social consequences when directed outwards. Genocide, violence, and killings are all enough proof of the theory of Freud that, human beings are not â€Å"good†. Freud argues that it is not easy to give an answer to the very question, â€Å"what is the function of the life of human being† that most people understand that human beings only survive happily. Freud catalogues the way human beings avoid pain and seek pleasure, such as intoxicating, sublimating libido into the job, and displacing libido onto the beauty enjoyment (Parisi 67). According to Freud, civilization aids in helping human beings against nature, regulating human beings’ relationships, and encouraging their higher mental actions (scientific, intellectual, as well as artistic success). Self-preservative characteristics and Eros contribute towards civilization, as human beings can strive better through working hand in hand. In addition, sexual love, which is the prototype of happiness, strengthen families, couples, and group

Identity and Object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Identity and Object - Essay Example How do these symbols or historical objects obtain their identities? Is it the objects that give the identity to the people or is it the people that give the objects an identity? Various examples of nations and their national symbols will be used to illustrate the significance of national symbols and explore the relationship between the identity of these historical objects and the people. Symbols are used to serve as an identity of people from a given nation. For example during the world cup, soccer teams from various nations identify themselves using their flags. The players also wear sportswear that has the national color of their flags which makes it possible to know which player represents a given country. During the medal ceremony the flags of these countries are also flown by the players to identify the nations they are from and also as a way to honor their countries. Flags hoisted represent winning countries in the worldcup which reinforces pride in one’s national identity. Symbols give a country an identity among other nations based on its unique heritage. For example the national symbols of India represent its richness in flora and fauna. The Panthera tigris (tiger) is an animal covered with yellow fur and dark stripes that is found in India. As an animal, it is graceful, agile, strong and powerful and symbolizes its diversity in wild life. National symbols instill pride in one’s culture and history. National symbols require one to be familiar with their culture in order to appreciate the national symbols. The national song of India Vande Mataram was composed in Sanskrit and is sung in the same language. The song was a source of inspiration to the Indian people during the struggle for freedom. The song appreciates the struggle as an important event in India’s History. Moreover singing the song requires one to be conversant with the Sanskrit language which enhances appreciation for the overall Indian culture. Thirdly,